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A herniated disc, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, happens when the soft, gel-like centre of a spinal disc (the nucleus pulposus) slips through a break in the harder outer layer (the annulus fibrosus). This displacement might compress surrounding nerves, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, or weakness in the affected area.
Cushions known as discs separate the vertebrae that make up the spine. Over time, wear and tear, trauma, or severe strain can cause these discs to rupture or bulge, putting pressure on spinal nerves. This compression can cause radiculopathy, a condition in which pain radiates down the route of the damaged nerve, usually in the back, neck, or legs. In severe situations, it can cause loss of motor control, muscle weakness, and even bladder or bowel problems.
Ageing, obesity, poor lifting practices, and a sedentary lifestyle all increase the risk of herniated discs. Conservative treatments for a herniated disc often include physical therapy, medicines, and lifestyle changes. In more severe situations, surgery may be required to relieve nerve pressure and restore normal function. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for managing symptoms and avoiding future consequences.